Islamophobia in Europe: Old Wine in a New Bottle?

While there has been a more or less endless debate about Islam in Europe , the debate in the United Kingdom can be framed by the publication of the Runnymede Trusts Islamophobia - a challenge for all of us (1997) and its sequel The New Muslims (2013). This paper reflects on the changing place of Muslim Communities in the United Kingdom and Europe from the 1990s to the present in the light of previous forms of discrimination against religious or ethnic minorities (racism/anti semitism) as well as forms of acceptation, with a special reference to Shari'a and legal pluralism.