The return of obsolete extreme political practices and ideologies is the unifying theme of this session.  In each of the cases presented here, it is puzzling as to why these practices have emerged in their current form.  Stone looks at the re-emergence in Italy of a strident anti-communism when the Communist party is virtually non-existant.  Wittenberg looks at the revival of "Christian-nationalism" in Hungary which had been characteristic of 1930s political practice. Miller-Idriss looks at the surprising success of the commercialization of Nazi death symbols and medieval legends in contemporary Germany.  Ellinas discusses the surprising rise of the Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party in Greece.