To what extent do European courts define, interpret, and protect rights granted to minorities? This panel brings together scholars from anthropology, sociology, and political science to address this theoretically and empirically important topic. Panelists examine case studies of Norway, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, with attention to pan-European courts such as the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice. They investigate the related spheres of freedom of expression, racist hate speech, violence against women, and religious rights. This panel’s overarching goal is to permit an interdisciplinary overview of how European courts at various levels affect minority rights in real world cases.