The fourth and last session of the symposium Notions of revolution and changing images of Europecontinues to investigate the relationship between revolution and European identity in the twentieth century. Following Sombart’s analytical perspective, in his paper Federico Trocini offers an in-depth reading of “modern capitalism” aimed at highlighting its radically revolutionary nature and relating it to the way Europe perceived itself. The paper by Richard Deswarte explores instead the role and perception of the French Revolution in the writings of French thinkers in the 1920s. The paper focuses on prominent thinkers as Julien Benda, Gaston Riou and Édouard Herriot, highlighting how their reading of the French Revolution influenced their ideas about Europe. Annamaria Amato, instead, relates the idea of ‘fascist revolution’ to the notion of Europe in the writings of Mussolini’s ideologues. In particular, she looks at the interaction of the concept of fascist revolution with anti-liberal and anti-democratic theories opposing the projects of European unification flourishing at the time. The third paper of the session, by Giulio de Ligio, compares the writings of Leo Strauss and Raymond Aron focusing on their understanding of European historicities and notions of revolution; his aim is to shed new light on the deepest roots of the present troubled predicaments of Europe. The final paper of the session, by Ferenc Lõrinc Laczó, looks at the end of the communist experience and at the 1989 Revolution. He contends that the events of 1989 and their consequences created a novel problem for narratives of European modernity that understood revolutions as engines of progress.