The panel focuses on the "cultural and socioeconomic sources of democratization and democratic stability" and discusses issues like the consequences for democracy’s prospects of religious doctrines and state-church relationships; the different sorts of early suffrage restriction criteria (age, property, literacy, occupation, income, taxation, and ethnicity/religion); the long-run consequences of Leninist socioeconomic modernization from above for democratic stability; and how early and varying pathways of suffrage expansion condition future constellations of social rights.