The panel explores the collective response to discrimination. What are the strategies employed by civil society actors, civil servants and politicians to engage and mobilize individuals who are suffering discrimination? Papers will consider discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity and religion. They will present case studies from France (regions of Lille, Lyon and Paris), the United Kingdom (greater London area) and the United States (Chicago). Can differences be observed from one city or one country to another? What are the implications of these variations for policy and politics at the local, national and transnational levels? Each paper will highlight the differential impact of political and institutional contexts on claim-making and characterizes the difficulties to mobilize and organize political action against discriminations. They will contribute to the comparison between citizenship models and values. In France, the strong Universalist discourse against group-based claim serves as an important constraint against mobilization. In the United Kingdom, the stigmatization of British Muslims affects the possibility for Muslim individuals and communities to engage in public life and collective action. In the United States, divisions over forms of mobilization, and relationship with the institution appear instrumental in formulating claims against police brutality. The comparative perspective will serve to discuss how much the fight against discrimination is constrained by context-related issues or more profoundly impeded by the fundamental structure of injustice and inequality