One recurrent theme in the literature on governance of ethnic diversity within modern, ‘national’ states has been the relationship between security and democracy. While these concepts can be conceptualised as overlapping, securitised approaches to diversity are generally associated with practices of exclusion and control, whereas democratisation emphasises possibilities for societal integration through recognition, accommodation and – more broadly – ‘citizenisation’. Developments in Europe are increasingly pushing public discussions of diversity towards the security end of the spectrum, undermining societal cohesion and raising urgent questions for international organisations and other actors seeking to reassert the case for pluralism and minority rights. Rising populism and nationalism also bring into focus a further long-standing feature of European discussions on diversity: namely, the tendency to differentiate between the substance, status and claims of ‘old’ (national) minorities on the one hand and ‘new’ (immigrant) minorities on the other. In this respect, growing xenophobia towards migrants and refugees has carried implications for majority attitudes towards longer-established minority groups, while in some cases, the latter have themselves sought to reinforce boundaries and hierarchies distinguishing them from newly-arrived ‘outsiders’. At the same time, intensified mobilities across Europe are blurring the constructed boundary between ‘old’ and ‘new’ minorities, and many question whether this dichotomy should continue to guide discussions on diversity governance. This session brings together scholars researching these issues in relation to a number of settings, with the aim of offering new insights on diversity and the possibilities for integration in a Europe beset by crisis and insecurity.